Táin Bó Cúailnge

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Táin Bó Cúailnge (Irish "the driving-off of cows of Cooley", more usually rendered The Cattle Raid of Cooley or The Táin, (pronounced /t̪ˠaːnʲ boː ˈkuəlʲɲə/) is the central story of the Ulster Cycle of Irish mythology, often considered an epic, although it is written primarily in prose rather than verse. It tells of a war against the Ulaid by queen Medb of the Connachta and her husband Ailill, who intend to steal the stud bull Donn Cuailnge, opposed only by the teenage Ulaid hero Cú Chulainn. The Táin is traditionally set in the 1st century AD in an essentially pre-Christian heroic age. The text survives in two main written versions or "recensions" in 12th century manuscripts, the first a compilation largely written in Old Irish, the second a more consistent work in Middle Irish.

Synopsis

The Táin is preceded by a number of remscéla, or pre-tales, which provide background on the main characters and explain the presence of certain Ulaid characters in the Connachta army, the curse that causes the temporary inability of the remaining Ulaid to fight and the magical origins of the bulls Donn Cuailnge and Finnbennach. The eight remscéla chosen by Thomas Kinsella for his 1969 translation are sometimes taken to be part of the Táin itself, but come from a variety of manuscripts of different dates. Several other tales exist which are described as remscéla to the Táin, some of which have only a tangential relation to it.

The first recension begins with Ailill and Medb assembling their army in Cruachan, the purpose of this military build-up taken for granted. The second recension adds a prologue in which Ailill and Medb compare their respective wealths and find that the only thing that distinguishes them is Ailill's possession of the phenomenally fertile bull Finnbennach, who had been born into Medb's herd but scorned being owned by a woman so decided to transfer himself to Ailill's. Medb determines to get the equally potent Donn Cuailnge from Cúailnge (the Cooley peninsula in County Louth) to balance the books with her husband. She successfully negotiates with the bull's owner, Dáire mac Fiachna, a vassal of the Ulaid king Conchobar mac Nessa, to rent the animal for a year until her messengers, drunk, reveal that they would have taken the bull by force even if they had not been allowed to borrow it. The deal breaks down, and Medb raises an army, including Ulster exiles led by Fergus mac Róich and other allies, and sets out to capture him.

The men of the Ulaid are disabled by an apparent illness, the ces noínden (literally "debility of nine (days)", although it lasts several months). A separate tale explains this as the curse of the goddess Macha, who imposed it after being forced by the king of the Ulaid to race against a chariot while heavily pregnant. The only person fit to defend the Ulaid is seventeen-year-old Cú Chulainn, and he lets the army take Ulster by surprise because he's off on a tryst when he should be watching the border. Cú Chulainn, assisted by his charioteer Láeg, wages a guerrilla campaign against the advancing army, then halts it by invoking the right of single combat at fords, defeating champion after champion in a stand-off lasting months. However, he is unable to prevent Medb from capturing the bull.

Cú Chulainn is both helped and hindered by supernatural figures. Before one combat the Morrígan visits him in the form of a beautiful young woman and offers him her love, but he spurns her. She then reveals herself and threatens to interfere in his next fight. She does so, first in the form of an eel who trips him in the ford, then as a wolf who stampedes cattle across the ford, and finally as a heifer at the head of the stampede, but in each form Cú Chulainn wounds her. After he defeats his opponent, the Morrígan appears to him in the form of an old woman milking a cow, with wounds corresponding to the ones Cú Chulainn gave her in her animal forms. She offers him three drinks of milk. With each drink he blesses her, and the blessings heal her wounds.

After a particularly arduous combat he is visited by another supernatural figure, Lug mac Ethlenn, who reveals he is his father. He puts Cú Chulainn to sleep for three days while he works his healing arts on him. While he sleeps the youth corps of Ulster come to his aid but are all slaughtered. When Cú Chulainn wakes he undergoes a spectacular ríastrad or "distortion", in which his body twists in its skin and he becomes an unrecognisable monster who knows neither friend nor foe. He makes a bloody assault on the Connacht camp and avenges the youth corps sixfold.

After this extraordinary incident, the sequence of single combats resumes, although on several occasions Medb breaks the agreement by sending several men against him at once. When Fergus, his foster-father, is sent to fight him, Cú Chulainn agrees to yield to him on the condition that Fergus yields the next time they meet. Finally there is a physically and emotionally gruelling three-day duel between the hero and his foster-brother and best friend, Fer Diad.

Eventually the Ulaid start to rouse, one by one at first, then en masse, and the final battle begins. It ends after Fergus makes good on his promise and yields to Cú Chulainn, pulling his forces off the field. The Connachta's other allies panic and Medb is forced to retreat. She does, however, manage to bring Donn Cuailnge back to Cruachan, where he fights Finnbennach, kills him, but, mortally wounded himself, wanders around Ireland creating placenames before finally returning home to die of exhaustion.

The image of Cú Chulainn dying, tied to a post so that even in death he might face his enemies standing, adopted by early twentieth century Irish republicans, does not come from the Táin but from a later story. However it has been incorporated into some oral versions of the Táin, in which Cú Chulainn dies from wounds sustained during his final duel with Fer Diad.

The text

The Táin Bó Cúailnge has survived in two main recensions. The first consists of a partial text in the Lebor na hUidre (the "Book of the Dun Cow"), a late 11th/early 12th century manuscript compiled in the monastery of Clonmacnoise, and another partial text of the same version in the 14th century manuscript called the Yellow Book of Lecan. These two sources overlap, and a complete text can be reconstructed by combining them. This recension is a compilation of two or more earlier versions, indicated by the number of duplicated episodes and references to "other versions" in the text. Many of the episodes are superb, written in the characteristic terse prose of the best Old Irish literature, but others are cryptic summaries, and the whole is rather disjointed. Parts of this recension can be dated from linguistic evidence to the 8th century, and some of the verse passages may be even older.

The second recension is found in the 12th century manuscript known as the Book of Leinster. This appears to have been a syncretic exercise by a scribe who brought together the Lebor na hUidre materials and unknown sources for the Yellow Book of Lecan materials to create a coherent version of the epic. While the result is a satisfactory narrative whole, the language has been modernised into a much more florid style, with all of the spareness of expression of the earlier recension lost in the process.

The Book of Leinster version ends with a colophon in Latin which says:

"But I who have written this story, or rather this fable, give no credence to the various incidents related in it. For some things in it are the deceptions of demons, other poetic figments; some are probable, others improbable; while still others are intended for the delectation of foolish men."

An incomplete third recension is known from fragments in a number of later manuscripts.

There is reason to suspect that the Táin had a considerable oral history before any of it was committed to writing: for example, the poem Conailla Medb michuru ("Medb enjoined illegal contracts") by Luccreth moccu Chiara, dated to c. 600, tells the story of Fergus' exile with Ailill and Medb, which the poet describes as sen-eolas ("old knowledge"). Two further 7th century poems also allude to elements of the story: in Verba Scáthaige ("Words of Scáthach"), the warrior-woman Scáthach prophesies Cú Chulainn's combats at the ford; and Ro-mbáe laithi rordu rind ("We had a great day of plying spear-points"), attributed to Cú Chulainn himself, refers to an incident in the Boyhood Deeds section of the Táin.

The Táin in translation

Two translations by Irish poets are available in mass market editions: Thomas Kinsella's The Táin (1969, Oxford University Press) and Ciarán Carson's The Táin (2007, Penguin Classics). Both are based primarily on the first recension with passages added from the second, although they differ slightly in their selection and arrangement of material. Kinsella's translation is illustrated by Louis le Brocquy and also contains translations of a selection of remscéla.

Cecile O'Rahilly has published academic editions/translations of both recensions, Táin Bó Cúailnge from the Book of Leinster (1967) and Táin Bó Cúailnge Recension 1 (1976), as well as an edition of the later Stowe Version (1984), a variant version of recension 2 in more modern language, with a few extra passages. Winifred Faraday's The Cattle-Raid of Cualnge (1904) translates the first recension, and Joseph Dunn's The Ancient Irish Epic Tale Táin Bó Cúailnge (1914) translates the second, with passages added from the first recension and the Stowe version.

Cultural influence

Novelisations

• Hound by George Green
• Red Branch by Morgan Llywelyn
• Táin by Gregory Frost
• The Prize in the Game by Jo Walton
• The Bull Raid by Carlo Gebler
• Raid: A Dramatic Retelling of Ireland's Epic Tale by Randy Lee Eickhoff
• Cuchulain of Muirthemne by Lady Gregory

Dramatic Adapations

• The Bull, an adaptation by Fabulous Beast Dance Company 2007.
• Complete:Bull, a five-part radio play written by Darren Maher, produced by Impact Theatre and WiredFM.

Comics

• Colmán Ó Raghallaigh and Barry Reynolds' Irish language graphic novel adaptation, An Táin, was published by Cló Mhaigh Eó of County Mayo in 2006.
• Patrick Brown's webcomic adaptation, The Cattle Raid of Cooley, began serialisation in August 2008.

Music inspired by the Táin

• The story inspired a concept album called The Táin (1973) by Irish celtic-rock band Horslips.
• Terry Riley's Chanting the Light of Foresight is a programmatic depiction of the epic commissioned by the Rova Saxophone Quartet.
• The Decemberists released an EP called The Tain in 2003. The EP consists of one 18 minute 35 second long track, Colin Meloy's five-part rendering of the story.

References

Bibliography

• Ann Dooley (2006), Playing the Hero: Reading the Táin Bó Cuailnge, University of Toronto Press, Toronto
• Kenneth Hurlstone Jackson (1964), The Oldest Irish Tradition: A Window on the Iron Age, Cambridge
• J. P. Mallory (ed) (1992), Aspects of the Táin, December Publications, Belfast
• J. P. Mallory & Gerard Stockman (eds) (1994), Ulidia: Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Ulster Cycle of Tales, December Publications, Belfast
• James MacKillop (1998), Dictionary of Celtic Mythology, Oxford University Press
• Maria Tymoczo (1999), Translation in a Postcolonial Context, Manchester